c. How, and with what challenges, was a new identity formed?
In order to consolidate the revolution and secure freedom for slaves, Toussaint Louverture gave Saint Domingue a constitution in 1801. Following the ensuing French invasion, Toussaint's capture and finally the defeat of the French army, Desalines then declared himself Emperor and introduced a new constitution in 1804. However, his rule was autocratic and controversial; the new independent black nation was also...