1b. Spain: Emergence of Spain as an authoritarian state
The Second Republic was established in 1931. It introduced reforms, provoking fierce opposition. By 1936, Spain was on the brink of civil war, as a nationalist military uprising challenged the Republic. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) became a battleground for competing ideologies with international involvement. The Nationalist victory in 1939 established Francisco Franco’s authoritarian regime, shaping Spain for...