b. The system of apartheid after 1948
In 1948, The National Party won the election based on a manifesto promising segregation between the races. This was the policy of apartheid which was established under D.F. Malan, and developed further by Verwoerd, and which lasted until 1994. Although there had long been policies of segregation, apartheid was a more systematic, rigorous separation of the races across all areas of life, and it clearly established...