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1. Tongzhi Restoration and Self-Strengthening Movement (1861–1894)

Following the disasters for China of the Opium War, the unequal treaties and the Taiping Rebellion, the Tongzhi Restoration saw an attempt to restore Chinese power through the process of 'Self-strengthening'. Note that this topic follows on chronologically from Topic 7: Challenges to East Asian societies (1700 - 1868) What factors led to Self-strengthening? Why did the self-strengthening movement fail? What factors...

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