Causality
We know that "correlation is not causation!" and that if we manipulate an IV and it leads to an effect on a DV under controlled conditions, then we can infer causality. However, often, when we make statements like this, we may be oversimplifying and misinterpreting the concept of causality, which is quite more complex. As statistician Edward Tufte said, "Correlation is not causation, but it sure is a hint." This page...