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Causal patterns

We know that "correlation is not causation!" or that if we manipulate an IV and it leads to an effect on a DV under controlled conditions, then we can infer causality. However, often when we make statements like this, we may be oversimplifying and misinterpreting the concept of causality which is actually quite more complex. As statistician Edward Tufte said, "Correlation is not causation but it sure is a hint."

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