Top Marks
This is a page with advice about what it takes to hit the top grades - 6s and 7s in the Maths applications exams. Everyone has different starting points and different goals, but this page is specifically about the things to watch out for to help you reach these tougher target grades. There is no substitute for lots of hard work and practice and you will, of course, need a good result in your Internal assessment to support this. Its hard to make a comprehensive list, but here are the kinds of things that I think make a difference in the end.
StudyIB.net
In case you haven't seen it yet, do have a look at studyIB.net/mathsapplications where you can get notes, video examples and practice of these key ideas to really help you a long. Tis is great support going through the course and really convenient for revision. You can sign uop and get help with calculators skills for free, but full access is just 50 euros, which is what many will now spend on just 1 hour of private tuition. You can read more here StudyIB.net. This page is also published on studyIB.net with links to the parts students can use to help.
Topic Specific advice
Number and Algebra
General speaking, the topics like Standard form, accuracy and estimation tend to be quite manageable and it is just a case of paying careful attention.
The trickier questions come up under the sequences and finances section.
- Make sure you are happy with using the compound interest formula with different compounding periods.
- IF you want to use the finance app, then make sure you know exactly how!!! See this page on StudyIB.net
- Know how to use your table function to model different sequences or investments so you can find out questions like 'after which year/term is sequence 1 bigger than sequence 2. Write the nth term of the sequence, then substitute U1 for y and n for x.
- Be careful with time units in finance questions. When you set up your models or use the finance app, then be aware what 'x' st or 'n' stands for (months, years, quarters etc) and remember to pay attention to the time unit requested in the question.
- Recognise that when 'payments' are involved, everything changes and the compound interest formula is not appropriate anymore. Here you need to be on your app.
- KNOW YOUR SETS OF NUMBERS - this is not especially difficult, but it DOES depend on you memorising the symbols that go with each set.
Example 1 - Looking for common ratios in sequences
One of the questions that keeps catching people out goes like this... The population of town A is growing like a geometric sequence. The population in 1990 was..., in 1993 it was.... and then asks you to find the population in 1985.
This can be tricky because you can get focussed on what the first term is. The key is to use the first 2 bits of information to work out the common ratio is. The population has been multiplied by 'r' 3 times between 1990 and 1993. THEN you work backwards to get 1985
Example 2 - Recognising geometric sequences
A question might talk about a regular, recurring percentage increase or decrease. For example, 'a population increases by 7% each year.' or 'The value of a car decreases by 15% each year'
The thing here is to recognise that the percentage increase or decrease gives us the common ratio of a geometric sequence. in the first case, for a 7% increase, you would have r = 1.07. In the second case for a 15% decrease, you would have r = 0.15
Example 3 - Looking at the specific details of the problem
Something like 'a ball is dropped from a height of 1m and reaches 80% of its height on each bounce. How far has it travelled before it hits the ground on the 6th bounce?
This can be tricky, because the respective heights are a geometric sequence with r = 0.8 (like example 2) but every term except the first should count twice since the ball bounces up and then down. In the first case it only travels that distance (1m) once once
Mathematical Models
- There is very little in the formula booklet, just the formula for the axis of symmetry. You just have to remember to use it! When the question says 'show that the axis of symmetry is x=?' it expects you to substitute the values, not draw an arrow on your graph.
- Know your general expressions for linear, quadratic and exponential models and the role of each part - remember the constant is not the y-intercept for exponentials.
- GDC skills
Example 1 - Details on graph drawing
Graph drawing questions - there is always one and they are worth quite a few marks that you MUST get.
These are easily lost if you are not careful. Pay careful attention to scales on axes, labels for axes, precision with point plotting, given domains for function plotting. Remember to try and draw smooth curves
Example 2 - Working backwards
I am talking about the kind of questions where a quadratic is given as f(x) = x2+ bx + 5, and early in the question you are supposed to work out the value of 'b'. There will be some other piece of information like, the axis of symmetry or a given point that means you can substitute some values and create an equation that can be solved for 'b'. Imagine that you are given the axis of symmetry at x = 5. From your formula booklet, you have the axis as x =-b/2a, in this case you have a=1, so 5 = -b/2 and so b = 10.
In some cases you might even be expected to generate 2 or 3 equations (syllabus SL 1.8: 3 equations in 3 unknowns). For example, the quadratic ax2 + bx + 5 goes through the points (1,4) and (-2,19), what are the values of a and b?
Substitute x = 1 and y = 4 to get a + b +5 = 4, and so a + b = -1
Substitute x = -2 and y = 19 to get 4a -2b + 5 = 19, and so 4a - 2b = 14
Then solve the two equations simultaneously to get a and b.
Or the same question, but with three coordinates given and only the general quadratic: y = ax² + bx + c.
Geometry and Trigonometry
Angles of elevation and depression - you need to know what these mean, otherwise these are easily lost marks
Example 1 - Angles and slopes in 3D shapes
This can be hard to visualise and so it can be easy to confuse. For example - Consider a square based pyramid. The four triangular faces are all congruent - It can easy to confuse 'the perpendicular height' of those triangles with the height of the pyramid. Also, when being asked for the angle between and a line and a plane, be careful to pay attention to the diagram carefully
A good rule to follow is that for every part of a question about 3D geometry, you should always draw a small sketch of the 2D triangle that shows all of the details you are working with.
Example 2 - The Easiest route - which rule?
Sure, its fine, if it works, but at the top level, you need to be efficient with time. So don't waste time using the cosine rule to solve for a length in a right angled triangle and SOHCAHTOA will do. Often students will over look a simple Pythagoras's theorem calculation for something that takes a lot longer.
Example 3 - Voronoi diagrams
This is the thing that is most new to most people on this course and will probably need the most practise. If asked for the equation of a perpendicular bisector, remember that you need a point and a gradient to do this. The point is the midpoint of your two points you are bisecting and the gradient is the negative reciprocal of the gradient between those two points.
Statistics & Probability
GDC skills - This is a big one. You MUST know how to find things quickly on your GDC.
- 1 variable data stats
- Using frequency tables - you must be sure how to set your GDC to read list 2 as a frequency and know how to tell it when you want it to and when not!
- 2 variable data stats - when you need summary stats about the 2 variables you might be using for a regression.
- Linear regression
- Entering data in a matrix for a chi squared test
- Knowing how to do Normal CDF and INV normal calculations
- Know what to about choosing left or right tail.
- Pay attention to the language in a T-test to see if you should do a one tail or two tail test.
- Combining categorises with Chi Squared tests when expected frequencies are less than 5.
- Be familiar with set notation used for probabilities
Example 1 - Inverse normal with 2 boundaries
This can be the trickier kind of question. Imagine a question about normally distributed heights. You are told that the probability of a height being between 'x' and 175 is 0.3 and then asked to find the value of 'x'
- First - Find the probability that the result is less than 175, using a normal CDF
- Second - Subtract 0.3 from that value, this will give you the probability that the result is less than x
- Third, then solve for 'x' using an Inverse normal calculation.
This is just the extra thinking that can be used to separate out the top students.
Example 2 - Mixed Probability
Questions can involve a mix of different probability skills. You might be required to use normal or binomial probabilities to calculate the probability of something happening and then a simple tree diagram to work out the probability of something happening 2 times in a row.
You might be required to use a normal distribution to calculate the probability of an event happening and then work with the probability in a binomial context with multiple events.
Example 3 - Conditional probabilities from tree diagrams
These questions tend to be OK, when working from a table or a sample space, BUT can be a lot trickier when talking about a tree diagram. See the second to last slide on this Focus on Probability page. Essentially, when the word 'Given' has a bearing on the question, then you know you are then excluding everything else.
Example - laws of probability
These are available in your formula booklet and very occasionally, a question will ask you give you some probabilities and ask you to decide if the events are independent or not. In this case you are expected to substitute the vales you have in to the 'laws' to test.
Calculus
- X value, function, derivative - Know that for any given function, we can be talking about each of them. The x value, the value of the function at that x value, the value of the gradient at that 'x' value
- GDC settings - It is very helpful to have the derivative turned 'ON' so that you can always see the three things above in the table. This also helps you to check your answers.
- Differentiating negative indices - You need to be comfortable expressing terms with negative indices so that they can be derived.
- Recognise when you can use your calculator to integrate and when you need to integrate manually (ie work out what the function was before differentiation), add the constant of integration and then use given informatiojn to work out the value of that constant.
Example 1 - Optimisation with dependent models
Without a doubt, the business end of the exam! A good calculus question based on some 3D shapes (spheres and cones, so expressions involve pi)
The model is usually...
- Here is a picture,
- Show that volume is given by.... (using the given values and variables in the question)
- The surface area is fixed at...
- Hence show that the Volume can be given by..... (usually designed to eliminate variables
- Thus show that the surface area is....
- Find the value of 'x' that gives the max/min
The joy of the show that parts is that they do give you the answer so...
1. You can check how you have done and spot your mistakes
2. You can, if you have to, leave out a part you can't do and still move through the question.