Both Standard and Higher Level students need to understand about strong and weak acids and bases, (sub-topic 8.4) and the pH scale (sub-topic 8.3). They also need to be able to calculate the concentration of an acid or base by titration with a standard solution of a base or acid. As part of the mandatory laboratory requirement for Topic 8.3 pH scale they are required to be familiar with the use of a pH meter and universal...