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Book Reviews
Teacher (T): So what kind of text is your written task actually? Student (S): It’s a book review. That’s what I told you I was writing. We talked about it. T: I see. And where is it supposed to be published?...
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The Lesson Free
As Language and Literature students approach exams in the northern hemisphere, it can be useful for their teachers to reflect on all the valuable things they have taught their students. So, let's do...
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Nominalisation
Nominalisation is a process in which a verb or verb group is transformed into a noun. Nominalisation is a frequent feature in media texts in which it may be advantageous or desirable to omit the agent...
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Pun
A play on words, often comic, resulting from a word having more than one meaning, or two words with the different meanings having the same sound. This second form of punning is called homophony; compare,...
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Deictic
Words that point in various directions, within a text and beyond it. For example, ‘down there’, ‘this’, ‘that’ etc. Deictic expressions may also point in time, as in ‘now’, ‘then’, and ‘next year’....
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Stereotyping
Assigning fixed characteristics to individuals on the basis of their group membership (e.g. ethnicity, nationality, gender etc.)....
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Denotation
This is the literal, factual meaning of a word. Often it is the meaning or the initial meaning given in a dictionary. Compare with connotation....
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Ellipsis
The omission of part of a language structure. In conversation, ellipsis is frequently used for economy and to affirm a sense of informality. For example, in the exchange Coming? Soon. the ellipted words...
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Function
What language is used for. Often, students discuss the purpose or purposes of a text. Function is simply a synonym, and is frequently the word used within the discipline of linguistics....
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Graphology
The visual aspect of a text, including layout, font, and image. In the study of English Language and Literature, students are, in Paper 1 in particular, expected to comment meaningfully of the graphological...