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R3.1 (AHL) pOH, Ka, Kb, pKa and pKb
This page covers pOH in addition to pH and considers the strengths of acids and bases as described by their Ka, pKa, Kb and pKb values. It interconverts between the [H+], [OH−], pH and pOH values and...
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R3.1 Neutralization reactions
This section covers the characteristic neutralization reactions of acids with bases, e.g. with indicators, metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and hydrogencarbonates and the neutralization reactions...
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R3.1 Strong & weak acids & bases
This section distinguishes between strong and weak acids and between strong and weak bases with examples of each. The need to recognise that acid-base equilibria lie in the direction of the weaker conjugate...
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R3.1 pH scale and Kw
This sub-topic looks at the pH scale and how to calculate the pH of a solution of a strong acid or strong base with a known concentration. It covers the ionic product or water and how to recognise solutions...
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R3.1 Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases
This sub-topic looks briefly at acid-base theories and then focuses on the Brønsted-Lowry theory. This states that a Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor and a Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor....
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R2.3 (AHL) Reaction quotient & equilibrium law
This AHL section distinguishes between reaction quotient, Q and the equilibrium constant, K. It shows how to calculate the reaction quotient from the concentrations of reactants and products at a particular...
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R2.3 The extent of chemical change
This section on equilibrium explains the difference between static and dynamic equilibrium and how the equilibrium constant, K can be determined from the stoichiometry of a reaction. The extent of a reaction...
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R2.2 (AHL) Activation energy
This AHL sub-topic covers the Arrhenius equation. This equation uses experimentally determined values of the rate constant at different temperatures to determine the activation energy for a reaction by...
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R2.2 (AHL) Rate expression & reaction mechanism
This section covers how rate equations can only be determined experimentally and then used to support a proposed mechanism for a reaction. It covers order of reaction and how in a reaction that occurs...
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R2.2 Rate of reaction & collision theory
This sub-section defines rate of reaction and uses collision theory to explain that species react as a result of collisions of sufficient energy and proper orientation. Factors that affect the rate of...