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                                            <p class="text-body mb-0 mb-lg-3"> On a recent visit to the Science Museum in London I came across this interesting exhibit. It is some slivers of aluminium that were made in 1855 by reducing the aluminium ions in cryolite with sodium...</p>
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                                            <p class="text-body mb-0 mb-lg-3"> 1. Catalytic converters used in automobiles typically contain platinum, palladium and/or rhodium metal coated onto a honeycomb ceramic surface. They convert oxides of nitrogen, NOx, carbon monoxide and...</p>
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                                            <p class="text-body mb-0 mb-lg-3"> 1. (a) Alumina melts at 2045 oC. The molten solution of alumina in cryolite melts at about 950 oC so much less energy is needed to obtain liquid aluminum(III) ions. (b) Cathode (−) : Al3+(l) + 3e− ⟶ Al(l)Anode...</p>
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                                            <p class="text-body mb-0 mb-lg-3"> Answers to Materials science introduction questions. 1. (a) Copper is much lower in the electrochemical series (E⦵ = + 0.34 V) compared to tin (E⦵ = − 0.14 V) so is less reactive than tin, i.e. less readily...</p>
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                                            <p class="text-body mb-0 mb-lg-3"> 1. Elemental copper does occur in nature, but copper is mainly extracted from its sulfide, carbonate or oxide minerals. Tin does not occur naturally in the elemental state. The main ore of tin is cassiterite,...</p>
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                                            <p class="text-body mb-0 mb-lg-3"> This large AHL sub-topic covers Lewis acids and bases and the formation of coordination bonds. This is followed by considering the role of nucleophiles in organic substitution reactions, where the rate...</p>
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