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Non-Western knowledges
Knowledge as a species of individual belief, as described by the notebook metaphor, is only one kind of knowledge. It may also be a Western conception. Other metaphors, such as the story metaphor, suggest...
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Perspective
Perspective is a key concept in ToK. We do not make knowledge from nowhere but from the viewpoint of a particular age, gender and class. We have been socialised into thinking about certain practices...
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Extension: The materiality and sociality of knowledge
It is a common misconception that knowledge has to be secreted away inside people's heads. The evidence is all around us that at least some (if not most) of our knowledge is material in form. As I type...
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Ten more logical fallacies to avoid in ToK and life
The previous page listed the top 5 logical fallacies encountered in the ToK essay. On this page we list 10 further common fallacies. Avoiding them will make you much better at producing good arguments....
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Top five fallacies in ToK
You might have found the previous page on syllogisms challenging. Don't worry, you are not alone! Human beings, on the whole, are not very good at logical reasoning. In fact, there are patterns of wrong...
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Arguments and syllogisms
Logic is an essential tool for producing some kinds of knowledge. It allows us to use what we know to deduce new knowledge through the tools of logical argument. It also allows us to check the quality...
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The components of knowledge
Knowledge comes in many shapes and sizes and it is important to distinguish them. This is why it is helpful to have some kind of mental image about where a piece of knowledge fits into the whole. The...
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Methods and Tools
The pages in this section look at how knowledge is typically made and what tools may be used either abstract ones like theories and models or material ones like measuring devices and templates. You will...
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The Maze Metaphor
A criticism so far could be that none of the three metaphors we have covered, the notebook, map and story, tell us much about knowing 'how'. Sure, the map metaphor tells us how to get from A to B, and...
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The Story Metaphor
Both the notebook metaphor and the map metaphor are immediate. Knowledge is here and now. But what about knowledge that has a natural timeline built in such as historical knowledge, or artforms like dance,...